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Hormonal Control of Reproduction in Males

The onset of male sexual development begins around the ages of 11 or 12 and is completed by ages 15 to 17. The mechanisms initiating the onset of puberty are not well understood, but the sequence of...

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Structure and Functions of the Stomach and Control of Gastric Secretions

The J-shaped stomach is a pouchlike portion of the alimentary canal. It lies just inferior to the diaphragm in the left upper quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity. The basic functions of the stomach...

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Lymphoid Organs – Locations And Functions – Red Bone Marrow, Thymus, Lymph...

Lymphoid structures can be found throughout the body. While all lymphoid structures are capable of lymphocyte production, the red bone marrow and thymus are considered primary lymphoid organs because...

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Disorders of The Blood – RBC, WBC And Hemostasis

Blood disorders may be grouped as red blood cell disorders, white blood cell disorders, and disorders of hemostasis. Normal values for common blood tests are located on the inside back cover. Blood...

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Pituitary Gland – Control And Hormones of Anterior And Posterior Lobe

The pituitary gland, or hypophysis, is attached to the hypothalamus by a short stalk. It rests in a depression of the sphenoid bone, the sella turcica, which provides protection. The pituitary gland...

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Neurological Disorders Affecting Muscles

Botulism poisoning is caused by a neurotoxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The toxin prevents release of ACh from the terminal boutons of somatic motor axons. Without prompt...

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The Life History of A Keratinocyte

Dead cells constantly flake off the skin surface. They float around as tiny white specks in the air, settling on household surfaces and forming much of the house dust that accumulates there. Because we...

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The Cell Cycle

Most cells periodically divide into two daughter cells, so a cell has a life cycle extending from one division to the next. This cell cycle is divided into four main phases: G1, S, G2, and M. G1 is the...

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Simple & Facilitated Diffusion, Osmosis – Across Plasma Membranes

A cell keeps its homeostasis mainly by managing the movement of substances across the selectively permeable plasma membrane. Some substances pass across the plasma membrane by passive transport, which...

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Human Body System Anatomy, Functions, Facts And Relation

The human body is complex, so it is not unexpected that there are numerous levels of structural organisation for the benefit of description, the human body can be thought about to be functionally...

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Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane) – Structure, Function and Composition

The cell membrane is a phospholipid bi-layer into which proteins, glycoproteins, and glycolipids are ingrained. The cell membrane is also known as plasma membrane or plasmalemma. This membrane...

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The Cell Theory Development and History

Cytology, the clinical study of cells, was born in 1665 when Robert Hooke observed the empty cell walls of cork and created the word cellulae (” little cells”) to explain them. Soon he studied thin...

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Homeostasis Regulation – Positive and Negative Feedback Mechanism

Homeostasis, a term presented by W. B. Cannon, describes the mechanism by which the constancy of the internal environment is maintained and ensured Homeostasis is the maintenance of a fairly steady...

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Abdominopelvic Quadrants And Regions

The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into either four quadrants or nine regions as an aid in locating organs. Upper right and upper left together with lower right and lower left constitute the four...

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Major Body Cavities, Their Subdivisions And Membranes.

Body cavities are spaces inside the body which contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs. There are two major cavities of the body which contain internal organs: the dorsal (posterior)...

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Body Planes and Sections

Many views of the body are based on real or imaginary “slices” called sections or planes. In studying the body or organs, you often will be observing the flat surface of a section that has been...

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Difference Between Anatomy And Physiology

Difference between Anatomy and Physiology is  that Anatomy is the study of structure and on the other hand Physiology is the study of Functions. Anatomy Anatomy is the study of structure: Anatomy,...

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The Functions And Characteristics Of Living Things and Life

The world around us includes a variety of living organisms with various looks and lifestyles Despite this variety, all living things carry out the very same standard functions:  Living things respond...

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Digestive System

It can be helpful to think of the digestive system as a tube running through the body with an opening at each end, the mouth at the top and the anus at the bottom. The tube isn’t a neat, constant shape...

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